Water Molecule

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H
2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) and may take many different forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky, seawater in the oceans,icebergs in the polar oceans, glaciers in the mountains, fresh and salt water lakes, rivers, and aquifers in the ground.

Water molecules strongly interact with each other due to the hydrogen bonds in H2O. It creates a permanent dipole (with positive and negative charges, localization of charges, O negative and H positive). 1 water molecule can produce 4 hydrogen bonds, so 1 water molecule will attract 4 other molecules (very strong bond). When we want to remove these H bonds, by breaking the bond, it requires 11-24 KJ. The other water molecules are situated in a 3 D network, so we have 4 molecules forming a hydrogen bond, and the 3D orientation is also unique. So the bonds are formed in a 3D grid (not plane), this explains such strange properties. Water dissociates into protons and hydroxyl ions. Hydrogens and protons can be bound to oxygen. There is a constant exchange of protons over the water molecule. It is an extremely dynamic system, with the constant exchange of protons over the water molecule. The flexibility and mobility of the system is very high. This is why despite the bond is very strong its viscosity is low. In frozen foods, bigger ice crystals will attract smaller ones and they will grow due to this dynamic, due to the flexibility and mobility of protons, that build into the crystal grid of ice. Dissociation constant at 25° is 20 to the power of -14 (important concept). In the case of water, it dissociates in equilibrium reaction. The equilibrium is characterized by equilibrium constant. Dissociation constant is temperature dependent, when increase the temperature the dissociation constant is higher. A neutral solution at 100° has a PH of 6 (not 7). At higher temperatures, neutrality of ph is 7, so you favor the dissociation reaction at higher temperatures.